The following are terms for the 19th century. You should at least familiarize yourself with them before sitting the exam. They will provide you with major chunks of evidence when writing essays and are more likely to appear in multiple-choice questions.

POLITICAL: Generally, I’ve organized the terms chronologically by country.

• Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 (France)
• Congress of Troppau and Laibach, 1820 (Italy)
• Congress of Verona, 1822 (Spain)

Austria

• Prinz Klemens von Metternich (Austria)
• Carlsbad Decrees (Germany, Austria)
• Concert of Europe (the congress system)
• Lajos Kossuth (Austria/Hungary)
• Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (the Ausgleich)
• The Crimean War, 1854-56 (France, UK, Ottomans, Piedmont-Sardinia v Russia)

Russia and the German States

• The Decembrist Uprising, 1825
• The Germanic Confederation
• Burschenschaften / Karlsbad Decrees, 1819
• Burschenschaften/Verbindungen (Germany, Austria)
• The Zollverein (Germany)
• Otto von Bismarck (Prussia/Germany), realpolitik,
• Helmuth von Moltke (Prussia/Germany):  “No plan of operations extends with certainty beyond the first encounter with the enemy’s main strength”
• Bismarck’s ‘Wars of Unification’: Danish War, 1864 (Prussia/Germany); Austro-Prussian War, 1866 (Prussia/Germany, Austria); Franco-Prussian War 1870-71 (France, Germany)
• Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany)
• The Congress of Berlin 1878

Great Britain

• Anti-Corn Law League
• Peterloo Massacre,1819 / Henry Hunt
• Reform Bill of 1832 (UK): end to ‘rotten boroughs’; allowed 1 in 6 males to vote
• Reform Bill of 1867 (UK): extended vote to all males paying £10-12 rent
• Sir Robert Peel (UK)
• John Bright (UK)
• William Gladstone – Liberal Party (UK)
• Benjamin Disraeli – Conservative Party (UK)
• Cecil Rhodes (UK)
• Joseph Chamberlain
• Irish Home Rule

Italy

• Guiseppe Mazini (Italy), Young Italy Movement
• Carbonari
• Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italy)
• Count of Cavour (Piedmont-Sardinia/Italy)
• Victor Emmanuel II (Piedmont-Sardinia/Italy)
• Risorgiomento – The Resurgence (Italy)
• Leopold II (Belgium)
• Tallyrand (France)
• June Days 1848 (France)
• Louis Napoleon III (France)
• Pan-Slavism (Eastern Europe/Russia)
• Tzar Alexander II (Russia)
• Tzar Alexander III (Russia)

Reform:

• The Reform Bill 1832 (UK)
• Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 (UK)
• Edwin Chadwick (UK) – ‘sanitary idea’
• The Ten Hour Act 1847 (UK)
• Repeal of the Corn Laws 1848 (Ireland)
• Reform Act of 1867 (UK)

Philosophy:

• UTILITARIANISM: Jeremy Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
• LIBERALISM: John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859), The Subjection of Women (1869)
• POSITIVISM/SCIENTISM: August Comte
• UTOPIAN SOCIALISM: Robert Owen
• SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM: Henri de Saint-Simon; Karl Marx
• COMMUNISM: Karl Marx
• BOLSHEVISM: Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky
• DARWINISM/SOCIAL DARWINISM: Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859)
• IMPERIALISM/NEW IMPERIALISM: King Leopold II of Belgium – Congo Free State 1885-1908/Belgian Congo; Rudyard Kipling’s White Man’s Burden,